Essay Plan

Poverty

• Explain why government policies towards tackling poverty changed during period 1834 – 1948.

Themes –

War – home fit for heroes (housing), ‘national efficiency debate’

Franchise Extension (reforms – 1832, 1867, 1884, 1918, 1928)

Legislation – 1834 (PLAA), Liberals Reforms (1905- 14), 1909 – Royal Commission, 1929 End of Poor Law, 1940s – Welfare

Attitudes – Laissez–faire (early 19^th century) / self–help, collectivism (early 20^th century), universality (mid 20^th century).

Individuals – Utilitarianism, Humanitarians, Chartists, Evangelicals etc.

Cost – changing to new poor law etc.

Social Imperialism – International rivalry

• How far do you agree that there was a major shift in the understanding of the causes of poverty during the period from 1834 – 1948?

Paragraphs –

Attitudes to the poor – laissez-faire, deserving/undeserving, collectivism, universality/welfare.

Legislation – shows change

Social Commentators

Economic factors – depression, cost, unemployment, international rivalry.

New Voters – was it because there was a change in attitude, or was because they wanted the voters.

Education

• Why was secondary education not made free for all until 1944?

Themes –

Legislation – 1870, 1902, 1918, 1944 (main acts) – 1833 - first grant.

Religion – Rivalry and barriers – Non-Conformists vs Anglicans

Social Commentators

Permissive Acts

Not necessary – children needed to work

Elementary education not compulsory

Enough provision covered by public schools

Attitudes throughout

Lack of professionalism – teachers

Depression – Hadow – unable to use because of depression and war

War – ideal state – new moral order

• Explain why government’s increasingly intervened in education during the years from 1834 – 1948.

Themes –

Legislation – 4 main acts – 1870, 1902, 1918, 1944 – 1833 – factory act (2hours schooling), 1833 – First grant, 1862 – revised; performance based funding, 1926 - Hadow

War / depression – creating ideal state

Social Commentators – people who put forth the acts

Religious Rivalry – Anglicans vs Non – conformists, didn’t get rid of this rivalry – barrier to provision

Reforms – voting

Liberal reforms – meals, medical inspections

International Rivalry – better schools in other countries

Stop children working

New moral order – ideal state