Juveniles

Do you remember doing something mischievous or wrong when you were a kid and getting the label "delinquent" slapped on you ?  Did you ever wonder what it meant ?  That is what my topic

 for today is . . . juvenile delinquency.  In this report I will:  define juvenile

 delinquency, give the extent of juvenile delinquency, give some suggestions on what causes

 juvenile delinquency, and what is being done in various communities to deal with this

 growing problem.

The legal term juvenile delinquent was established so that young

 lawbreakers could avoid the disgrace of being classified in legal records as criminals.

 Juvenile delinquency laws were designed to provide treatment, rather than punishment, for

 juvenile offenders.  Young delinquents usually are sent to juvenile courts, where the main

 aim is to rehabilitate offenders, rather than to punish them.  But the term juvenile

 delinquency itself has come to imply disgrace in today's society. A youngster can be

 labeled a delinquent for breaking any one of a number of laws, ranging from robbery to

 running away from home.  But an action for which a youth may be declared a delinquent in

 one community may not be against the law in another community.  In some communities, the

 police ignore many children who are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them directly

 to their parents.  But in other communities, the police may refer such children to a

 juvenile court, where they may officially be declared delinquents.  Crime statistics,

 though they are often incomplete and may be misleading, do give an indication of the extent

 of the delinquency problem. 

The FBI reports that during the early 1980's, about two-fifths

 of all arrests in the United States for burglary and arson were of persons under the age of

 18.  Juveniles also accounted for about one-third of all arrests for larceny.  During any

 year, about 4 % of all children between the ages of 10 and 18 appear in a juvenile court.

 The percentage of youngsters in this group who are sent to court at least once is much

 higher.  A third or more of those boys living in the slum areas of large cities may appear

 in a juvenile court at least once. Girls are becoming increasingly involved in juvenile

 delinquency.  Today, about one of every five youngsters appearing in juvenile court is a

 girl.  In the early 1900's, this ratio was about 1 girl to every 50 or 60 boys.

 Sociologists have conducted a number of studies to determine how much delinquency is not

 reported to the police.  Most youngsters report taking part in one or more delinquent acts,

 though a majority of the offenses are minor.  Experts have concluded that youthful

 misbehavior is much more common than is indicated by arrest records and juvenile court

 statistics.  Many studies have been made in an effort to determine the causes of

 delinquency.  Most of these have focused on family relationships or on neighborhood or

 community conditions.  The results of these investigations have shown that it is doubtful

 that any child becomes a delinquent for any single reason.  Family Relationships,

 especially those between parents and individual children, have been the focus of several

 delinquency studies. 

An early study comparing delinquent and nondelinquent brothers showed

 that over 90 % of the delinquents had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with their

 life circumstances.  Only 13 % of their brothers felt this way.  Whatever the nature of the

 delinquents' unhappiness, delinquency appeared to them to be a solution.  It brought

 attention to youths neglected by their parents, or approval by delinquent friends, or it

 solved problems of an unhappy home life in other ways.  More recent studies have revealed

 that many delinquents had parents with whom they did not get along or who were inconsistent

 in their patterns of discipline and punishment. Neighborhood conditions have been stressed

 in studies by sociologists.  Many of these inquiries concentrate on differing rates of

 delinquency, rather than on the way individuals become delinquents. A series of studies

 have shown that delinquency rates are above average in the poorest sections of cities.

 Such areas have many broken homes and a high rate of alcoholism.  They also have poor

 schools, high unemployment, few recreational facilities, and high crime rates.  Many young

 people see delinquency as their only escape from boredom, poverty, and other problems.

 Social scientists have also studied the influence of other youngsters on those who commit

 delinquencies.  For example, they point out that most youngsters who engage in delinquent

 behavior do so with other juveniles and often in organized gangs.  Studies indicate that

 the causes of delinquency also extend to a whole society.  For example, delinquency rates

 tend to be high among the low-income groups in societies where most people are well-to-do.

 The pain of being poor and living in slum conditions are felt more strongly in a rich

 society than in a poor one. Many efforts have been made to develop programs of delinquency

 prevention.  There is little evidence, however, that any of these programs is truly

 effective.  Some programs provide counseling services to youths who appear to be on the

 verge of becoming delinquents.  Other programs draw youngsters into clubs and recreational

 centers in an effort to keep them away from situations in which delinquency is likely to

 occur.  In recent years, many efforts have centered on improving the educational and work

 skills of youngsters. 

For those juveniles who have already become delinquents, there are

 programs designed to prevent them from committing future delinquent acts.  Probation

 services are offered through juvenile courts in an effort to provide guidance for

 delinquent children.  The more progressive institutions for juveniles attempt to provide

 treatment programs for offenders--work experiences, counseling, education, and group

 therapy.  However, many other institutions provide little more than protective custody for

 juvenile delinquents.  In conclusion, I have defined juvenile delinquency, explained the

 extent of juvenile delinquency, gave some suggestions on what causes juvenile delinquency,

 and what is being done in various communities to deal with the problem of juvenile

 delinquency.