NAPOLEON

 The book, Napoleon by Felix Markham, is a biography about Napoleon

Bonaparte, one of the greatest

historical figures and legends of all time.  He was born on August 15, 1769 at Ajaccio in

Corsica, which

is an island in the Mediterranean Sea.  In 1779, when Napoleon was nine years old, he

began his schooling

in France. He went to a church school at Brienne-le-Chataeu because his father, Carlo,

wanted him to go

there.  It had been noted that Napoleon had excelled at math during his time at school.

He remained

there for eight years and during those years his father died of stomach cancer.

Napoleon joined the French Army in 1785 and in 1791 was promoted to first lieutenant

and then to captain

in 1792.  In December 1793, Napoleon was sent to Toulon, where rebels in France

were being aided by the

British naval fleet.  Napoleon took the place of a wounded commander.  The British

withdrew and France

took control of Toulon.  Napoleon’s victory was responsible for his being honored

brigadier general at

the age of 24.  In 1797, Napoleon won the war for France with the Austrians.  After

defeating them at the

French-Italian border, he marched over the Alps and threatened Vienna.  Finally, in

October of 1797,

France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campoformio, which enlarged France’s

territory.  He was hailed a

hero in France.  In 1798, Napoleon set sail for Egypt to stop British trade with the

Middle East.  The

French fleet, however, was destroyed by Britain, leaving Napoleon’s army stranded in

Egypt.  In the mean

time, Turkey formed an alliance with Britain and Russia,!

 then declared war on France.  In 1799, Napoleon learned that a Turkish Army was

planning to invade

Egypt.  Napoleon defeated the Turks and then returned to France.  He was very well

respected when he

returned.

Napoleon created political alliances and seized control of the French government and he

made changes,

such as, a new constitution and a three member Consulate.  Napoleon made himself first

consul and the

other two members were merely advisors.  After ten years of revolution, the French

wanted one strong

leader so Napoleon ruled France as a dictator.  In June 1800, Napoleon led the French

to defeat the

Austrians at the Battle of Marengo and in 1801, Austria signed the Treaty of Luneville,

which reaffirmed

the Treaty of Campoformio.  After this, in 1802, Britain agreed to peace by signing the

Treaty of Amiens.

Russia had gotten out of the alliance against France in 1799 and for the first time in ten

years, because

of Napoleon, Europe was at peace.  Napoleon was still not satisfied.  In 1802, the

French people approved

a constitutional amendment that made Napoleon first consul for life.  By 1803, Napoleon

had become

president of the Italian Republic, but he wanted to stop Britai!

n’s trade with the rest of Europe.  He had anticipated war with Britain, so he sold the

Louisiana

Territory to the United States and war with Britain began later that year.

Due to the French Senate’s vote, on December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself

emperor.  He dominated

Europe with this glorious title.  A new alliance had started against France in 1805 with

Austria, Russia,

and Sweden but later that year Napoleon demolished the Austrian and Russian armies at

Austerlitz in

Austria.  In 1806, Prussia joined Russia in a new coalition, but again, Napoleon’s forces

crushed the

Prussian army at Jena and Auerstedt and in June 1807, Napoleon overwhelmed Russian

armies at Friedland.

Also, in 1809, he defeated the Austrians again at Wagram.  Napoleon was unstoppable.

After each win, the

Napoleonic Empire enlarged.  In 1806, he made his brother, Joseph, king of Naples, his

brother, Louis,

king of Holland in 1807, his brother, Jerome, king of Westphalia, also in 1807. Finally in

1809, he gave

his sister, Elisa, the title of Grand Duchy of Tuscany.  His empire was brought to its

height in 1810

when he added Holland and most of Northern Germany.

Between 1806 and 1807, Napoleon set up something known as the Continental

System.  The purpose of this

was to prevent British trade with the rest of Europe, hoping to destroy its economy.  This

system was

established by two decrees, The Berlin Decree and the Milan Decree. The Berlin Decree

forbade British

ships from ports under French control and all goods belonging to or coming from Britain

were seized.

These actions were more of a boycott than a blockade.  The Milan Decree prevented

ships from neutral

nations to carry British goods to Europe.  Portugal, ally of Britain, refused to follow the

Berlin

Decree, but in 1807, the French gained control of Portugal and took over certain parts

of Spain.  French

forces took control over Madrid in 1808 and Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII

from the throne and made

his brother, Joseph, king of Spain.  Spanish and Portuguese forces rebelled against

French rule.  Soon

after this war began, British troops joined in the fight against Fran!

ce. By 1814, tens of thousands of French troops had died and the remaining French

forces driven off the

peninsula.  This war was known as the Peninsula War.

In 1810, Russia had been withdrawn from the Continental System by Alexander I.

Napoleon felt France was

threatened by this action.  Napoleon set up an army of 600,000 men and in 1812, he

went into Russia, but

the Russians denied battle.  Napoleon pushed on to Moscow only to find the city nearly

empty.  Soon,

large parts of the city were destroyed by fires set by retreating Russians.  Napoleon still

waited for

Alexander in Moscow, with the bitter cold coming, in order to offer peace, but he never

came.  Due to

starvation and exposure, 500,000 of Napoleon’s men died.  When he returned to

France, the people still

supported Napoleon, but his failure gave encouragement to his enemies.

        As far as his personal life, it is known that in 1796, he married Josephine de

Beauharnais, a

beautiful French widow with two children.  By 1809, however, Napoleon still had one

problem on his hands,

what would happen to his empire after his death considering he had no heirs and his wife

was now 46.

After much thought and heartache, Napoleon decided to divorce Josephine and in April

of 1810, he married

an 18-year-old girl named Marie Louise.  In 1811, as hoped, the couple had a son they

called Napoleon,

who was given the title, king of Rome.

He now faced an even bigger problem.  Napoleon was threatened with the  alliance of

Austria, Britain,

Russia, Prussia, and Sweden.  This was the cause of the collapse of the Napoleonic

Empire.  In 1813,

Napoleon arrived in Germany with a new army and fought against the allies.  His forces

were outnumbered.

The two sides fought at Leipzig in October, but Napoleon was defeated and he retreated

to France.  The

enemy alliance still pursued him and in March 1814, they captured Paris.

Napoleon still wanted to march on, but this was in disagreement with the French

government so Napoleon

wrote an abdication on April 4, 1814.  It was signed on April 6 and on that same day,

the Senate voted to

recall Louis XVIII.

Napoleon was exiled from France, but was guaranteed the title of Emperor, on the small

island of Elba off

the northwest coast of Italy.  His wife and son went to live with her family and Napoleon

never saw them

again.  At Elba, Napoleon planned his return to France.  In February 1815, Napoleon

sailed to France and

then marched to Paris, gathering supporters along the way.  The men sent to arrest him,

joined him.

Louis fled when he approached and on March 20, Napoleon entered Paris where he

was cheered by the crowds

again.  He claimed that this was the happiest moment of his life.

Napoleon proclaimed a new constitution that limited his powers.  He was ready for a

quick and resounding

victory due to a divided and apprehensive nation at his hands.  Once again, a battle was

going to

commence.  Napoleon marched into Belgium and hoped to defeat Britain’s separate

armies of the Duke of

Wellington and Blucher of Prussia.  Napoleon defeated Blucher and on June 18,

Napoleon attacked

Wellington at Waterloo in one of history’s most remembered battles.  There were

amazing charges by the

French cavalry and it seemed as if the British would collapse.  Unexpectedly, Blucher

showed up and

reinforced the British.  The French were overpowered and suffered the defeat.

Napoleon fled to Paris and

on June 22, he abdicated again.  Napoleon’s return from Elba until the day of his second

abdication is

known as the Hundred Days.  There was no alternative for Napoleon but to be put on

the British

battleship, Bellerophon.  Since it was decided that Napoleon was their prisoner, he!

 was sent to the barren British island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic.  Napoleon lived

on St. Helena

for the rest of his life.  At around 2 am on May 5, 1821 Napoleon uttered his last words,

"France, armee,

tete d’armee, Josephine."   At 5:51 pm that day, he was pronounced dead.  Napoleon

was buried, as he

wished in his will, in Geranium Valley, in full military attire.

This book shows us the great road Napoleon paved for France, through good times and

bad, and finally the

downfall of the majestic empire.  Napoleon was a great war hero, but he always was on

a quest for peace.

The book showed in great detail the life and accomplishments and also his emotions and

troubles

throughout it all.  Napoleon will be remembered forever as a great war hero and more

importantly, as a

legend

Word Count: 1595