The Spartans were the most formidable warriors
in all of history. They dedicated their entire lives to warfare. They were
taught to endure cold, hunger, pain, their courage on the battlefield was
second to none. The Spartan code was to fight hard, follow orders without
question and to die rather then retreat or surrender. To achieve all this,
Sparta sacrificed everything; the arts, culture, and other things that make
life worth while. I believe the price was to high they went to far and shut off
all that was creative and human in Sparta. A culture that can't change or adapt
doesn't survive. This is exactly what happened , after a single major defeat in
360 B.C Sparta was no longer a significant factor in the region (Isaac Asimov,
1965, p. 178).
The original founders of "modern" Sparta were the Dorians.
At around 1100 B.C these savages came from the north into what is today Greece.
They attacked the Mycenean civilization thriving there and quickly defeated
them. The secret behind the remarkable victories against the Myceneans was
iron, the Dorians knew how to forge iron weapons which completely outclassed
the bronze weaponry of the Myceneans (Carl Roebuck, 1966, p. 119).
In Mycenean times Sparta had been a important
city, but after Dorian conquest it sank to insignificance. Over the next three
hundred years it recovered and began to prosper. By 800 B.C it ruled over the
region called Lacedonia.
Up to about 650 B.C Sparta was pretty much like
every other Greek state. They had music, art and poetry. During the seventh
century, a musician named Terpander came to Sparta and established himself
their. He is called the "father of Greek music," he's also supposed
to off improved the lyre (a harp like instrument). The most widely known
Spartan musician was Tyrtaeus. He lived during the Second Messenian War and his
music inspired many Spartan soldiers to new heights of bravery (Isaac Asimov,
1965, p. 53).
But then something happened, a war with the
Messinians. The First Messenian War broke out in 730 B.C, when the Spartans
marched into Messenia eager for more land. After 20 long years of war the
Messenians were forced to surrender. They were made into helots (slave/workers
with no rights) and ruthlessly oppressed. In 685 B.C they rose in revolt, it
took 17 years of brutal fighting they were finally put down (Isaac Asimov,
1965, p. 50).
These wars were the turning point of Spartan
history, nearly half a century of conflict had made the Spartans very warlike.
It seemed to them if they ever relaxed their guard even a bit, the helots would
rise again.
The Spartans went to excessively great extremes
in order to make sure this wouldn't happen. At age seven a boy would be taken
from his family and given military training., his true home was his barracks,
his family, his unit. They hardened their bodies with countless drills and
savage games, they were taught to steal and live of off the land. A young
soldier was whipped as punishment or to make him more resistant to pain. At age
20 he was finally allowed to marry but was still in military service. Only when
he was 60 was he allowed to retire from the army (National Geographic Society,
1968, p. 178).
To a Spartan warrior surrender was unthinkable,
even death was preferable. To flee a soldier had to throw down his heavy shield
(which would slow him down), if he died he would be carried home, with honor,
on his shield. For this reason Spartan mothers instructed their sons to return
form a battle "with their shield or on them" (V.M Hillyer, E.G Huey,
1966, p. 27)
One of the functions of the Spartan system was
to rid the state of weaklings. At birth each child was inspected by a board of
inspectors. If the child was feeble or deformed it was left on a hill side to
die. Spartan women were told to exercise and keep in shape so that they could
have healthy offspring.
A true Spartan's purpose in life was war, their
entire lives were centered around it. They left agriculture, manufacturing to
their slave/workers, the helots. As a result their culture suffered, it was
almost non-existent. For example after 600 B.C the import of luxury goods such
as ivory or spices ceased. Obviously the taste for such indulgences was denied
when the Spartans became warriors. They disliked trade so much that instead of
coins they used heavy iron rods for money. These rods were difficult to carry
and discouraged commerce and idle shopping (National Geographic Society, 1968,
p. 177).
The food at a typical Spartan barracks was
designed to fill a person and keep him alive, but nothing more. An ancient
story tells the tale of two outsiders who were invited to eat in a Spartan
barracks. One of the two took sip of the black broth from a bowl and putting
down his spoon, whispered "now I know why the Spartans do not fear
death" (Isaac Asimov, 1965, p. 52)
Even normal conversation stopped (most Greeks
like to talk, from ancient times to today). Spartans spoke very briefly and to
the point. They were all business. In fact the word "laconic" (form
Laconia, another word for Sparta) means to speak in a concise manner (Isaac
Asimov, 1965, p. 53).
For a while it seemed like all these sacrifices
were worthwhile. Indeed the Spartans were impressive warriors, even when
outnumbered. In 480 B.C a force of 300 Spartans held Thermopylae, a vital pass
during the war against Persia. They held the pass for two days, until a traitor
showed the Persians another way through. The Spartans refused to retreat and
fought to the bitter end, until everyman was killed. However they held the
Persians off long enough for the remaining Greek armies to escape(V.M Hillyer,
E.G Huey, 1966, p. 27). Unfortunately military strength is never enough to keep
a culture going, other things are essential, such as music or literature.
At the same time in history the other Greek
peoples were very active in the arts, science and philosophy. In particular
Athens was in it's "Golden Age." Under the leadership of Pericles,
Athens reached the height of it's power
and glory.
During this age the Parthenon was built, it is
perhaps the most perfect structure ever constructed and easily the most famous.
Phidias, the genius behind the Parthenon also carved the statue of Zeus at
Olympia., located at the stadium in which the Olympic games (another Greek
accomplishment) were held. This statue was listed by later Greeks as one of the
Seven Wonders of the World. The people of Athens were good sculptors and
created many fine statues of people, animals and objects (Isaac Asimov, 1965,
p. 133).
The Athenians produced arguably the most
important literary figures between the time of Homer and Shakespeare. These
three men Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides helped advance the art of drama.
They were first to make use of costumes, masks, props and other paraphernalia
to make actors more visible to the audience. Together these writers produced
over 280 plays, some of which survive today (Isaac Asimov, 1965, p. 134).
Science was another field in which the
"normal" Greeks excelled at. Men such as Anaxagoras believed that the
stars were no more special or magical then the earth was. The sun, stars
and planets he said were flaming rocks.
Lecippus, who lived around 450 B.C is supposed to be the first to suggest that
matter wasn't composed of substances that could be divided endlessly, but
instead consisted of tiny particles (atoms). Hippocrates was born in 460 B.C on
a island off the coast of Asia Minor. He was the earliest person to establish a
reasonable theory of medicine, one that didn't depend demons or spirits. For
this reason many call him the "father of medicine." Today the
"Hippocratic Oath" is still taken by medical students after the
completion of their training (Isaac Asimov, 1965, p. 135).
Many famous ancient philosophers were Greek,
these people tried to teach how people should lead their lives. Easily the most
widely know is Socrates, who lived during the "Golden Age" of Athens.
Socrates believed we each had a conscience that tells us what is right and
wrong. He is considered by many to be the wisest man who ever lived.
We owe a great deal to these ancient Greeks who
founded the basis of so much that we know today.
Keep in mind that while the Greeks were
accomplishing all this, that even at the height of it's power, the city of Sparta
was very drab and lacked walls. One historian noted "the ramparts (walls)
are her men." It was basically a collection of five villages, which looked
pitiful when compared to Athens (National Geographic Society, 1968, p. 177).
Today little remains of Sparta.
Sparta finally fell after a battle against the
combined forces of Athens and Thebes in 362 BC. This defeat destroyed Sparta's
armies and left her exposed. Epaninondas the leader of the Thebean army won a
total victory and was soon at the gates of Sparta. After this loss Sparta would
never return to it's former self (Isaac Asimov, 1965, p. 178).
In order to achieve military glory the Spartans
gave up nearly everything. Later on Greeks from other city states admired the
Spartan way of life because it seemed so noble. They were wrong to think this
way, to art, music, literature and other such pursuits they donated nothing.
She only had a cruel, inhuman way of life to
offer, dependent on a barbaric slavery of most of her population, with only a
kind of blind animal courage as a virtue. Before long the Spartan way of life
was more show then substance, Sparta seemed strong as long she was victorious,
but other states could survive defeat and rise again. After a single major
defeat (against Thebes) Sparta lost her domination of Greece. This catastrophic
loss exposed the Spartan fraud and disposed of her.
Reference List
- Asimov, Issac.
(1965). The Greeks A Great Adventure. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
- Hillyer V.M,
E.G Huey. (1966). Ancient World 500 BC - 500 AD. New York: Meredith Press
- National
Georgraphic Society. (1968). Greece and Rome Builders of Our World. Washington
D.C: Author
- Roebuck, Carl.
(1966). The World of Ancient Times. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
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